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Treatment hypnosis and psychoanalysis. Gipnoz in historical perspective
In early 1860 - ies Jeane Pierre, Alfred and Charles Fehre Beene began
to use a deep trance to create a phenomenon of hypnosis. Early
experiments have spectacular success. For example, hypnosis used to
using it to cause damage to the hands of organic experimenter and then
make it disappear damage. These earlier studies had a tremendous impact
on the treatment of the body. Because the unconscious body operates,
hypnosis leads us to the surprising possibility of physical healing.
Gipnoz been used for thousands of years. In ancient Sanskrit chronicles
there is evidence of use and the existence of "healing trans healing
temples in India. The ancient Egyptian papyrus scrolls tell us about
the healing temples for the use of sleep and enter into a state of
trance, with a view to healing.
In 1500 -
years of Paracelsus, a Swiss doctor, who discovered the use of mercury
in the treatment of syphilis, was the first fiziologom who used magnets
to treat. They held magnet over the patient's body to initiate the
process of healing. Paracelsus, using magnets, cured many people from
various diseases.
In 1600 - years of Irish Valentine
Greytreyks treat people that he put his hands on the patient's body and
held magnet over his body. People Greytreyksa nicknamed the "Great
Irish poglazhivatelem": it has been known that the treatment of people
with the help of massage.
As in 1725 the Jesuit
priest Maximilian Khel magnets are used to heal people. He could be
anonymous, if not one of his students, a young doctor from Vienna, in
the name of Franz Anton Mesmer. Mesmer took a magnet back to Vienna to
use in their practice. At that time, one of the main medical treatments
deemed phlebotomy. Mesmer opened vein of the patient and allow a small
number of blood flow. When the procedure was finished, he did magnets
pass over cut, bleeding and went. Once, when Mesmer held phlebotomy
procedure, he reached for magnets and could not find them anywhere.
Therefore, he took his stack and started to pass on the cut to make the
stack, and the bleeding ended! In terms of hypnosis, as we would say
now, it means that the magnets pass or stack were simply non-verbal
suggestion that cause trance, and that was the cause of stopping
bleeding.
After their early success Mesmer, made
the following statement, which later would cause heated debate: a stop
bleeding - not the energy of the magnet, a magnetic energy coming from
the patient. He called this type of energy animal magnetism. Levels of
this type of energy can not be measured with instruments of the time,
applied for the measurement of known magnetic phenomena, and the term
animal magnetism ultimately discredited Mesmera.
At the crest of his popularity in Vienna Mesmer moved to Paris and
became a French pet aristocracy. At the end of 1700 - ies each of any
meaningful people Mesmeru appealed to the doctor for his amazing
healing. Mesmer became very famous for ... so famous that the medical
community at the time announced its methods of fraud.
Mesmer
brutally proschitalsya, obratyas to the French king to establish a
credible commission of inquiry into its practices. The Commission, set
up to find out whether there is animal magnetism, consisted of three
famous people: progressive chemist Lavoisier, an American, Benjamin
Franklin, and the doctor, known as an expert on the control of pain
named Guillotin. In a written report, expressing the collective view,
Franklin wrote: "From the hands of this guy comes Mesmera not anything
that I could see. Thus, mesmerizm - this is fraud. "
Mesmer,
in a manner discredited, left Paris and returned to Vienna to practice
mesmerizm or animal magnetism. From 1795 until 1985, the idea of power
as a way of art therapy and remained outside the mainstream of Western
medicine and psychology.
Nevertheless, to
some extent, mesmerizm used all the same. Pyussegir Marquis de France
introduced the term "noctambulant", "people walking in a dream" that we
use today to describe the deepest state of hypnosis. De Pyussegir chose
this term after he discovered that patients in a state of deep trance
can move independently. Doctor Elliottson from London put in its
practice of using mesmerizma for his nearly expelled from the medical
community.
Some London in 1840 a young surgeon James Braid
went to see a demonstration mesmerizma called La Fontaine. At that time
mesmerist usually stood around the patient's head and made pass along
his body. Breyda very intrigued that during a session of the patient's
eyes remained open, and his mind was chained to the doctor. Braid noted
that the emergence of the state of trans very important that the
patient's view was concentrated. He has introduced a new term to
describe the state of focus, concentration, and this was the term
neuro-hypnosis. Braid decided that mesmerizm does not include the
transfer of energy. It is anticipated that works mesmerizm simply
through suggestion, which is causing a state of trance patient.
In James Braid in 1843 wrote the first book on hypnosis, entitled
Neyripnologiya them. In this book, he argued that the fixation on just
one point or idea and is the cause of hypnotic state. Interesting also
that Braid later decided that the term hypnosis - wrong and tried to
change his name to monoideaizm who is not fit, as well as
neyripnologiya.
At the same time Esdeyl James, a British
doctor working in India, published a book Mesmerizm. Esdeyl stressed
mesmerizma benefit in the control of pain and getting rid of pain. He
developed his technique before chloroform as an anesthetic, which later
will be widely used in surgery. Esdeyl conducted more than 500
operations, many of them without chloroform were extremely painful ...
and found that many of the patients izlechivalis within the time frame
shorter than normal period of recovery. Some doctors did not believe
Esdeyla and statements when he returned from India, it is not just
excluded from the British Medical Corporation for approval, mesmerizm
that can be used to control pain.
This
debate would be continued, but almost immediately after returning
Esdeyla was discovered chloroform. Since its discovery research on the
control of pain stopped.
In 1864, a doctor named Lebo, in
the city of Nancy, France, has developed a system using hypnosis
therapy. His colleague, Dr. Bernheim sent Lebo patient diagnosed with
"bans", and the patient was cured by the day. Bernheim decided to ask,
what is this strange thing called hypnosis, and shortly thereafter,
they founded the School Lebo Gipnoza in Nancy.
Young Sigmund Freud, along with Lebo and Bernheymom studied in the
School, and initially he used hypnosis in their practice. Later he
stopped to use hypnosis. The official reason was that the young woman
patient at the time of treatment suddenly caught and kissed it. Freud
openly admitted that he was shocked and agreed that hypnosis is too
unpredictable to use it. Less known another version of why Freud
stopped using hypnosis: he used cocaine, and this has led to the
destruction of his gums, and his jaw Boxes poorly kept. This
deteriorated from Freud's diction, and this prevented him easily enter
patient in a state of trance.
Due to a dispute with supreme
gipnoterapevtom G. Breyer Freud developed his method for therapeutic
conversations, "the treatment of conversation." Freud said that his
therapy will not be speaking therapy for the poor. It will take between
100 and 300 hours of interviews to cause cure. His therapy became
speaking psychoanalysis that changed the history of European
psychology. Psychoanalysis Freud became a passion for psychology, and
it became impossible to use any other technology. Thus, psychoanalysis
eclipsed hypnosis.
In 1890, just before
take-off career Freud, William James wrote the first-ever book on
psychology itself, the two work entitled The Principles of Psychology.
This book should definitely read if you are going to practice hypnosis,
linguistic programming or any other form of the impact on customers.
In the early twentieth century, developed two main schools of
psychology. One of them - Freud's followers, among them Jung and Adler,
who influenced Freud, shaped in an analytical psychology. Another
school - Behaviourists, opposing the psychological processes that Freud
introduced.
Behaviorism actually began
with a little-known American physiologist, William Tvitmeyera, who said
that if the strike flattened a little lower leg knee, it inadvertently
unsung. In 1902, Tvitmeyer wrote for the Journal American Medical
Association article entitled "Reflex" twitching knee. In the second
part of the article described the intriguing observation that the
majority of readers are not appreciated then: after repetitive
procedure with the patient flattened Tvitmeyer said that now he is
preparing to once again knocked his gavel on the knee, and the
patient's knee without podprygivalo hammer blow on it! This is probably
the first scientific evidence of a response to stimuli.
The American medical community underestimated the importance Tvitmeyera
article, but the young Russian researcher Ivan Pavlov have read it, and
drew attention to it. Two years later, in 1904, Pavlov presented his
first work "Conditional reflexes" Russian Health Services Society,
which described his experiments on dogs. Psychology has developed
amazing ways.
Studies have continued on both sides of the
Atlantic. At Harvard Boris Saydis wrote Vnusheniya Psychology, which to
this day remains valid. In Britain in 1903 Milne Bramwell published
Gipnoza Stories. Bramwell described the hypnotic technique of all his
predecessors. This makes the book readable and useful at the present
time.
In the early 20 - century in the
field of hypnosis with medical and psychological point of view it was
not a particularly impressive development until 1943, when Clark Hall
of Yale University published his classic work "Gipnoz and
suggestibility." This book is a one of the first psychological studies
hypnosis.
Many people practicing therapy, saying: "I do not
use transportation, I just use the depth relaxation" or "I do not use
hypnosis, I just use creative visualization." Clark Hall, the answer
would be: "Both the method of stimulating the state of trance. So, they
serve the cause of trans. "
Hall is also known that
influenced a young Milton Erickson, who took part in some early studies
Hall. Erickson almost daily hypnosis practiced from 1920 to 1980,
taking clients to fourteen per day over sixty years. The main purpose
of Eriksson was permanently change a person hypnosis. This is yet to be
discussed in this book.
George Estabruks -
another prominent figure in the field of hypnosis, whose technology we
will be exploring. While Eriksson preferred nedirektivno-permissive
approach to hypnosis, Estabruks used prescriptively-authoritarian
approach. We will examine both approaches, and another representing a
mixture of them, to have access to the continuum that will serve all
customers. With some clients
better to work through
nedirektivno-permit method to the other - with a
prescriptive-authoritarian. Thus, it would be useful to have in the
arsenal of both technology input in transportation.
In 1957, Andre Veytsenhoffer wrote Gipnoza Basic Technique, one of the
most important book on hypnosis, not counting works Erickson. Another
notable figure in 1950 - ies in hypnosis was Dave Elman. He created an
impressive set of techniques rapid entry into a state of hypnosis, and
his method greatly different from the methods and Estabruksa Erickson.
Leslie LeKron in 1964 also expanded the border area. He described
ideomotornye finger hand signals. Practices and GLP gipnoterapevty use
these signals fingers hands as a way to communicate and create
relationships with Podsoznaniem. We will examine some of the signals
LeKrona and how they may be used in the work with the students to
improve their skills.
Jeffrey Zeig, head
of the Institute Erickson in Phoenix, and Ernest Rossi - two main
researcher Eriksonovskogo hypnosis, painting a lot of work on this
issue. Zeig Rossi and preserved for us a living legacy Erickson. Their
contribution was evaluated by thousands of psychologists, psychiatrists
and other experts in the world, those who use nedirektivno-permissive
method Erickson, and prescriptive method Estabruksa-authoritarian.
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